小栗上野介（HP東善寺）　● ●　幕末の洋式帆船　　　
Kozukenosuke Oguri (HP Tozenji) 　● ● Western-style sailing ships at the end of the Edo period

日本人が造った　　幕末の洋式帆船	Western-style sailing ships at the end of the Edo period Built by the Japanese
日本近海にはペリー来航以前からロシア船の南下事件などがあり、１８５３(嘉永六)年ペリーが来航して開国を要求したため、幕府も諸藩も海防策として大船建造の必要に迫られた。ペリーが来年の再来日を告げて帰ると、同年九月幕府は１６３８（寛永十五）年以来の｢軍船以外の大船建造の禁｣を解き、約２００年間の鎖国令で遅れていた造船と航海技術を学び始めた。　　そして、蘭書の翻訳、外国船の見学、と日本人特有の努力で洋式帆船の建造に着手した。　幕府は鳳凰丸、　　薩摩の島津斉彬は昇平丸、　水戸の徳川斉昭は旭日丸、　仙台藩は開成丸、と、莫大な資財と知能、技術を投入し幾多の困難を乗り越えて完成させた。　短期間に洋式帆船建造を成し遂げ、実用に供した努力と技術の成果は誇るべき文化財とも言えるものであろう。　帆船模型製作者の岡崎英幸さんは、そういった貴重な日本人の努力の歴史が埋もれているのを惜しみ、模型を作成していた。そしてポウハタン号の制作を快諾した岡崎さんは、すでに制作保有していた鳳凰丸、昌(昇)平丸の二隻も東善寺へ譲ってくださった。	Even before the arrival of Matthew Calbraith Perry, there had been incidents of Russian ships sailing south in the seas around Japan, and when Perry arrived in 1853 and demanded the opening of the country, the shogunate and the various domains were forced to build large ships as a sea defense measure. In September of the same year, after Perry said he'd be back next year, the shogunate lifted "the ban on the construction of large ships other than military ships," which had been in place since 1638, and began to study shipbuilding and navigation technology, which had been lagging behind due to the 200 years of national seclusion. 　 They translated Dutch books, observed foreign ships, and began to build Western-style sailing ships with the unique efforts of the Japanese. The following are some of those ships: 　H?? Maru built by the Shogunate　　Shohei Maru built by Nariakira Shimazu of Satsuma Domain 　Kyokujitsu Maru built by Nariaki Tokugawa of Mito Domain 　Kaisei Maru built by the Sendai clan They invested a huge amount of money, intelligence, and technology in the construction of these ships and overcame many difficulties to complete them. The effort and technology that went into the construction of these Western-style sailing ships in such a short period of time is a cultural asset to be proud of. Mr. Hideyuki Okazaki, a model maker of sailing ships, regretted that such a precious history of Japanese efforts was buried, so he has been making models of those ships. When Mr. Okazaki agreed to make a model of the USS Powhatan, he also surrendered models of two ships he had already made, the H?? Maru and the Shohei Maru, to Tozenji.
幕府が造った日本最初の洋式軍艦　　　　　　　鳳凰丸	Japan's first Western-style warship built by the Shogunate Hooh Maru
約６００トン　長さ約３８m　幅約９m 浦賀の与力中島三郎助が幕府の命を受け、１８５４(嘉永七)年５月１０日完成。ペンキがなかったので、漆塗りで仕上げた。帆の黒い横線は幕府の船を表す。模型制作：岡崎英幸　東善寺所蔵	Weight: approx. 600 tons Length: approx. 38 m Width: 9 m Completed on May 10, 1854, by Saburosuke Nakajima, a yoriki (a kind of field supervisor) from Uraga, under orders from the Shogunate. Since there was no paint in Japan at the time, it was finished with lacquer. The black horizontal lines on the sails represent the ships of the Shogunate. Model made by Hideyuki Okazaki, owned by Tozenji Temple

薩摩藩が造った洋式軍艦　　　　昌平丸	Shohei Maru Western-style warship built by the Satsuma Clan
約３７０トン　長さ約３１m　幅約７m 薩摩藩が建造し１８５４(嘉永七)年１２月１２日完成。はじめ昇平丸、幕府に献納されて昌平丸と改名。模型制作:岡崎英幸　東善寺所蔵	Weight: approx. 370 tons Length: 31 m Width: 7 m Built by the Satsuma Clan and completed on December 12, 1854 (Kaei 7). First named "昇平丸," then renamed "昌平丸" after being presented to the Shogunate. Both are pronounced as "Shohei Maru," but the Kanji characters used are different. Model made by Hideyuki Okazaki, owned by Tozenji Temple
	Kaishu Katsu said that the H?? Maru and the Shohei Maru were "only made to resemble Western ships in appearance. Their construction was weak and they were not fast. They were useless and bad ships. This assessment became a common belief until later, and was the reason why the first Western-style sailing ship built solely by Japanese was not taken seriously. Recent research has revealed that the Hooh Maru, Shohei Maru, and Kyokujitsu Maru were not just for the exterior, but were practical ships with full-scale construction inside the hull.
勝海舟は、鳳凰丸や旭日丸を「外観を西洋船に似せただけ。造りは脆弱（ぜいじゃく）で速度も出ない。役に立たない悪船だった」と酷評した。その評価がのちまでの通説となり、日本人だけで造った初めての洋式帆船がかえりみられない原因となった。　近年の研究によって、鳳凰丸や昌平丸、旭日丸が外観だけのものではなく、船体内部もしっかりと本格的に造られた、実用的な船だったことが判明した。

和船の豆知識

・「大船建造の禁｣・・・幕府は、豊臣家が大阪城にいたころ西国大名から５００石以上の船を没収し、１６３５（寛永十二）年武家諸法度改定で「５百石以上之船停止事｣とした。
　しかし３年後｢しかれども商売船はお許しなされ候｣と｢軍船以外はいい｣という新解釈を通達している。諸国大名の大きな軍船を警戒しただけの話である。だから、幕府の御城米を大阪から江戸へ運ぶ船１５１隻のうち１２０隻は千四百石から千六百石積みだった。兵庫の船主・船頭の高田屋嘉兵衛が択捉（エトロフ）への航路を開いた船は千五百石だった。

・「間切り」･･･明治以来「和船は追い風でしか進めない｣という俗説で語られてきた。しかし｢間切り｣という航法で斜め前からの風を受けてジグザグに前進する航法がふつうに行なわれていた。
・「まとも」･･･船尾を｢艫・とも｣といい、真後ろからの風が｢まとも｣な風。次第に｢まともな人｣などと一般化して使われるようになった。
・「出戻り」･･･いったん船出したが風向きや空模様が悪く同じ港へ戻った船。しだいに、離婚した女性が実家に帰るのをさす言葉になった。
・「ご新造」・・・新調した船の意味だった。一般化して新婚の奥さんをさすようになった。

　　　◇資料：｢船絵馬｣ー名画日本史ー朝日新聞２０００(平成１２)年７月３０日

Trivia about Japanese ships

- "Prohibition against building large ships" ... The Shogunate confiscated ships of 500 koku (Japanese unit of volume) or more from feudal lords in the western part of Japan when the Toyotomi family was in Osaka Castle, and in 1635 (Kanei 12), the Tokugawa Shogunate revised the laws of the Samurai to prohibit ships of 500 koku or more.

Three years later, however, the government issued a new interpretation of the law, stating that commercial ships and ships other than military vessels were permitted. After all, the law was simply a precaution against the large warships of the feudal lords. That is why 120 of the 151 ships carrying "Gojo-mai" (rice stored in castles fow wartime) from Osaka to Edo were able to load 1,400 to 1,600 koku. The ship Kahei Takataya, a Hyogo shipowner and boatman, who opened the route to Etorofu, had load capacity of 1,500 koku on board.

- "Magiri," a sailing technique ... Since the Meiji era (1868-1912), there has been a popular belief that Japanese ships can only proceed with a tailwind. However, the "magiri" method of zigzagging forward with the wind coming from diagonally in front of the ship was commonly practiced.

- "Matomo" ... The stern of a ship is called a "tomo" and the wind from directly behind is a "ma-tomo" wind. Gradually, the word "matomo" came to be used as a general term, like "matomona hito" (a decent person).

- "Demodori" ... A ship that once sailed away but returned to the same port due to poor wind or bad weather. It gradually became a term for a divorced woman returning to her parents' home.

- "Goshinzou" ... It meant a newly-built ship in the beginning, but later it was generalized to mean a newly-wed wife.

◇ Source: "Funa Ema", Asahi Shimbun, July 30, 2000.