横須賀造船所 　　●●　ほんとうの「幕末明治日本の産業革命」の地・横須賀造船所　建設 　Yokosuka Shipyard ●● Construction of Yokosuka Shipyard, the site of the real "Industrial Revolution of Late Edo and Meiji Japan

ほんとうの「幕末日本の産業革命の地」
横須賀造船所建設
Construction of Yokosuka Shipyard
The true site of the Industrial Revolution of Japan at the end of the Edo Period

現在の横須賀造船所 （造船はしていない。すべて米海軍横須賀基地として、米軍と海上自衛隊艦船の修理部門が機能している。）	Current Yokosuka Shipyard (No shipbuilding. It functions entirely as a U.S. Yokosuka base for the repair of U.S. military and Maritime Self-Defense Force ships)

日本語

English

従来、日本の工業の原動力は人力−牛馬力−水車までだった。横須賀製鉄所ははじめから蒸気機関を原動力としていたから「蒸気機関を原動力とする日本最初の総合工場群」といえる。まさに日本の産業革命の地である。司馬遼太郎が「日本の近代工学のいっさいの源泉」（「三浦半島記」）と書いたのは、このことを指す。		In the past, the driving force of Japanese industry was human power, cattle and horses, and even water wheels. Since the Yokosuka Ironworks was powered by steam engines from the beginning, it can be called "Japan's first integrated plant powered by steam engines." It is truly the site of Japan's industrial revolution. This is what Ryotaro Shiba meant when he wrote in his work of "Miura Hanto Ki" (Miura Peninsula Chronicles) that it was "the source of all modern engineering in Japan."
横須賀に決定　　勘定奉行となった上野介は栗本鋤雲（じょうん）に相談し、フランスの技術援助を得て日本に近代的な造船所を建設することを幕府に提案。賛否両論、非難の声を押しきって諒解を取りつけ調査測量の結果、湾の形態・深さがフランスのツーロンによく似ている、その三分の二の規模のものが出来るということで横須賀に決まった。 　 造船所から日本の近代化　　小栗上野介が作りたかったのは、船だけ造る造船所ではない。ワシントンで見た海軍造船所で、そこでは造船のほかに大砲、ライフル、砲弾、弾丸が次々に作られていた。すべて蒸気機関の力でやすやすと操作される過程を見て、日本の近代化はここから始まるという確信を持って進めた。		Yokosuka was chosen for the new shipyard: Kozukenosuke Oguri, who had become the Kanjo Bugyo (Magistrate in charge of accountanting), consulted with Joun Kurimoto and proposed to the shogunate to build a modern shipyard in Japan with technical assistance from France. The two sides of the controversy, and the accusations, were overwhelmed and an agreement was reached to build it. As a result of survey, Yokosuka was chosen as the site because the shape and depth of the bay was similar to that of Toulon in France, and it could be built on a scale two-thirds that of Toulon's shipyard. Japan's Modernization from the Shipyard: What Kozukenosuke Oguri wanted to build was not only a shipyard to build ships. He saw a naval shipyard in Washington, D.C., where, in addition to shipbuilding, cannons, rifles, shells, and bullets were being made one after another. Seeing how easily everything was operated with the power of steam engines, he was convinced that Japan's modernization would begin in that way.
【小栗上野介の言葉】 「外国から買った船もいずれ故障する。どうしても修理所が必要だ＝船を造れなければ、船の修理はできない」 　 　幕末に幕府はじめ各藩は外国から蒸気船を買って使うようになっていた。しかし買う時に中古品を掴まされたり、特注で作らせた船の部材が手抜きされていたりしてしばしば故障し、日本で直せない時はオランダ領ジャカルタ（インドネシア）まで曳航して修理していたから、日数も経費もかかる。 　小栗上野介は盟友栗本鋤雲に「日本で造船所を作るべきだ＝船を造れなければ、満足な修理はできない」と語っている。 「既に軍艦を有する以上は、破損はある事なれば、これを修理する所がなくてはならない。唯今迄の如く彼の国の用済みの古船を買い、あるいは委託して新調するにしても、修船場が無い以上は、一たび壊れればたちまち用を為さず、又壊れ船の度毎に外国へ運航するときは、往復費用だけでも格外の事であり、断然良工を迎え近港にて然るべき場所を選び、建設する事に決まっており、然らばどの国なりとも、その然るべきを選ぼうかと話をしている…」 （栗本鋤雲『匏庵遺稿』ー横須賀造船所経営の事ー）		[Words of Kozukenosuke Oguri] "The ships we buy from foreign countries will eventually break down. So we desperately need a place to repair them. If we cannot build ships, we cannot repair them either. At the end of the Edo period, the shogunate and other clans began buying steamships from foreign countries and using them. However, the ships often broke down because they were bought second-hand or the materials used for the custom-built ships were cut corners. When a ship could not be repaired in Japan, it was towed to Dutch Jakarta (Indonesia) for repairs, which took days and cost a lot of money. 　 Kozukenosuke Oguri told his ally Joun Kurimoto, "We should build a shipyard in Japan. If we cannot build ships, we cannot repair them satisfactorily." "As long as we already have warships, we must have a place to repair them when they are damaged. Even if we buy used ships from other countries or commission new ones, they will be useless once they break down because there is no shipyard to repair them in Japan. Moreover, the round-trip costs alone would be prohibitive if we have to send the ships overseas every time they break down. It is absolutely certain that we will get good engineers and choose a suitable site in a port near Edo, and we are discussing the matter with the aim of selecting any country that will be suitable for the shipyard project..." ("Hoan’s Posthumous Essay - Management of Yokosuka Shipyard by Joun Kurimoto)

▲慶応三年に着工したドック 　（右から１号・３号・２号ドックの順に建造）　幕末に掘りはじめ、明治に完成したドックは現在も米海軍基地の中で使われている。国産のセメントはなかったから床も壁も石積みで、石は真鶴から運ばれた小松石。　　｢横須賀明細一覧図｣明治１６年版より		Dock construction started in 1867 or Keio 3 (From right to left: No. 1, No. 3, and No. 2 docks) Dredging began at the end of the Edo period (1603-1868) and was completed in the Meiji period (1868-1912), and the docks are still in use at the U.S. military base. Since there was no domestic cement, the floors and walls were masonry, and the stone was komatsu stone brought from Manazuru. 　　 The drawing from "Detailed Drawing of Yokosuka", 1883 edition
技師長 ヴェルニー Fransois Leons Verny　▲ 　日本に来たときは29歳。あまりにも若いので「小栗殿はフランス公使ロッシュにだまされたのでは」とささやかれた。 　しかし、彼は卓越した技術と的確な指揮、誠実な運営で造船所建設―経営の大事業を完成させていった。		Chief Engineer Francois Leons Verny He was 29 years old when he came to Japan. He was so young that it was whispered that "Oguri may have been deceived by the French Minister Roche." With his outstanding technology, precise direction and sincere management, Verny completed the great project of building the shipyard.
３トンスチームハンマー　▲ 「１８６５年オランダ･ロッテルダム社」と刻印がある。ロッテルダム製ではなくイギリスGlen and Ross社製のハンマーを「ロッテルダム国際信用貿易協会」経由で輸入したもの。（参照：横須賀自然人文博物館「研究報告」67号　2023令和5年3月） ＊このハンマーは、いまJR横須賀駅前の「ヴェルニー館」に展示しています。		Three-ton steam hammer The hammer is stamped "Rotterdam, Holland, 1865." However, it was not made in Rotterdam, but was imported from England through the "International Credit and Trade Association of Rotterdam." This hammer is now on display at the "Verney Commemorative Museum" in front of JR Yokosuka Station.
マザーマシン＝３�dスチームハンマー▲ まずこのハンマーで、「工具や部品を造るための機械を造った。船はその機械で造った工具や部品で造る」から、大もとになる造船所最大の３トンハンマーは「マザーマシン」と呼ばれた。 「横須賀はかつて日本近代工学のいっさいの源泉だった」（司馬遼太郎）・・・ということは、 言い換えれば 「横須賀はかつては日本のマザーマシンだった」 ということ。司馬遼太郎氏がこのマザーマシンを見ていればそう言ったに違いない。		Mother Machine (3-ton Steam Hammer) First, with this hammer, they "built machines to make tools and parts. Ships were built with tools and parts made with these machines." Therefore, the largest hammer in the shipyard, a three-ton hammer, was called the "mother machine." Yokosuka was once the source of all modern Japanese engineering. In other words, Yokosuka used to be the mother machine of Japan. If Ryotaro Shiba had seen this mother machine, he would have said, so.