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○第十五課 勇気（『尋常小学修身書』巻五・第三期国定教科書）より
＊太字は錯誤あるいは第五期教科書との違いがある個所
＊傍線部は遣米使節について触れた部分。第5期では消えている
○ Lesson 15: Courage
(from "Shushinsho for Elementary Schools," Vol. 5, the third national textbook)
* The part in bold is an error or a difference from the 5th period textbook.
* The underlined part is the part that mentions the mission to the U.S. It disappears in the
5th period.
安芳（やすよし）は幕府の命を受けて長崎に行き、オランダ人について航海術を学びました。修行がすんでからもつづいて長崎に留まって、血気盛りの海軍練習生を教へ九州の近海で、あちこち航海を試みました。
間もなく、幕府は使をアメリカ合衆国へやることになりました。其の時、使は合衆国の軍艦にのせ、別に日本の軍艦を一そうやるといふうはさがありました。安芳はそれを聞いて、我が航海の進歩を見せるには、この上もないよい機会だと思ったので、自分の教へた部下をさしづして日本人の力だけで航海をしたいと願ひ出ました。
何分我が軍艦を外国へやるのは始めてのことであり、まだ練習も十分に積まない日本人だけではあぶないと思ったので幕府は、容易に許しませんでした。しかし、安芳があくまで願ってやまないので幕府も遂に其の熱心と勇気に感じて、咸臨丸と言ふ小さい軍艦で安芳等をやることに決めました。
Yasuyoshi (Kaishu Katsu) was ordered by the Shogunate to go to Nagasaki and learn the art of navigation from the Dutch. Even after his training was complete, he continued to stay in Nagasaki and tried to teach the bloodthirsty naval trainees to sail from place to place in the waters around Kyushu.
Soon after, the Shogunate decided to send envoys to the United States.
At that time, there was a suggestion that the envoys be sent on a U.S.
warship and a Japanese warship be sent separately. When Yasuhoshi heard
this, he thought it would be the best opportunity to show the progress
of our voyage, so he requested that the Japanese sail alone by commanding the men he had taught.
The Shogunate did not readily allow it, as it would be the first time for them to send a warship abroad, and they felt that it would be dangerous to send it only with Japanese who had not yet had enough practice. The shogunate, however, was impressed by Yasuhoshi's eagerness and courage, and decided to send him on a small warship called the Kanrin Maru.
航海中は毎日のやうに南風が続いて、海が大そう荒れました。嵐がはげしい時には、船体がひどくゆれて、ねぢ折られそうになったことが幾度もありました。しかし、安芳等は少しも恐れず、元気よく航海をつづけ、日本を出てから三十八日目にサンフランシスコに着きました。アメリカ人は、日本人が航海術を学んでからまだ間もないのに、少しも外国人の助けを受けずに、小さい軍艦で、よくも太平洋を越えてきたものだと、たいそう感心しました。
During the voyage, the southerly winds continued every day, making the
sea very rough. When the storms were severe, the ship's hull shook so much
that it almost snapped. However, Yasuhoshi and the others were not the least bit afraid and continued on
their voyage in good spirit, arriving in San Francisco on the 38th day after leaving Japan. The Americans were very impressed with the fact that the Japanese had only been learning how to sail for a short time, and that they had managed to cross the Pacific Ocean in a small warship without the slightest help from foreigners.
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疑 問 検 証 Questioning and Verification
１、派遣の発端は 第三期教科書で 「日本人の力だけで航海をしたいと願い出ました」
「安芳があくまでも願ってやまないので…」
第五期教科書も 「日本人だけでアメリカ大陸へ行ってみようと考えました」
「まことに愉快なもくろみでありましたが…」
…＊「願い出ました」「考えました」「願ってやまない」「もくろみ…」となっていて、いかにも勝海舟が率先して提案したようにみえるが、実際は勝海舟の申し出など（あってもなくても）関係なく、幕府は安政五年の日米通商条約締結の時から随行船の派遣を決定していた。（『幕末維新外交史料集成』修好門 第四巻）
この時、軍艦奉行として咸臨丸の責任者となった木村喜毅は
「（勝安芳を）咸臨丸の艦長にするのでも、（勝安芳が）どうか行きたいということですから、お前さんが行ってくれればというので、私から計らったのですが、・・・・・・」（『海舟座談』）
と、勝海舟の乗船は木村喜毅のあっせんで実現したことを回顧している。
1. When was the dispatch of an accompanying ship decided?
In the third textbook, there were following sentences:
"he requested that the Japanese sail alone"
"impressed by Yasuhoshi's eagerness and courage..."
In the fifth textbook, there were following sentences:
"He thought that they should go to the Americas with only the Japanese."
"It was a very pleasant idea, but..."
* The words "He requested," "He thought," "(his) eagerness," "(his) idea"... make it seem as if Kaishu Katsu took the initiative in suggesting the idea. In fact, however, the Shogunate had already decided to dispatch an accompanying ship at the time of the conclusion of the Japan-U.S. Commerce Treaty in 1858 (5th year of Ansei era). ("Bakumatsu Ishin Gaiko Shiryo Shusei" Shukoumon, Vol. 4)
At this time, Yoshitake Kimura, who was in charge of the Kanrin Maru as
a warship magistrate, said, "I made Yasuyoshi (Kaishu) Katsu the captain of the Kanrin Maru because
he really wanted to go, and I thought it would help me if he came with
me, so I made arrangements for him to come aboard" (Kaishu Zadan), recalling that Kaishu Katsu's embarkation was arranged
by Kimura.
２、日本人だけで航海か
第三期教科書で 「日本人の力だけで航海したい」
「少しも外国人の助けを受けず…」
第五期教科書でも 「日本人だけでアメリカ大陸へ…」
「案内する者もなく」
・・・＊ここだけ読むといかにも愛国心をふるい立たせる勇ましくいい話だが、実際は米海軍の測量船フェニモアクーパー号（９５㌧）の船長ブルック大尉他１０名の米海軍水兵の同乗を依頼して出航し、大嵐でほとんどの日本人が船酔いで動けないところを米兵の操船で乗り切ることができた。勝海舟は航海中ほとんど寝たきりだった。（ブルックの『咸臨丸日記』、斉藤留蔵の『亜行新書』などいずれも『遣米使節史料集成』第四・五巻）
この件に関して
福沢諭吉が
「少しも他人の手を借らずに出かけてゆこうと決断した」
「決してアメリカ人に助けてもらうということはちょっともなかった」（『福翁自伝』） と書き、
勝海舟が
「日本人が独りで軍艦に乗ってここへ来たのはこれが初めてだと言って、アメリカの貴紳らもたいそうほめて…」(「氷川清話」）
と語るのも、同じく誇張であり日本人を誤らせた原因である。この文にはトリックがあって、「独りで…ここへ来たのは初めてだ」と言ったのは「アメリカの貴紳（紳士たち）」だ、俺が言ったんじゃない、と云い抜け出来る文の構成となっている。
2. Was it a voyage by Japanese alone?
In the third textbook, there were following sentences:
"he requested that the Japanese sail alone"
"Without the slightest help from foreigners"
In the fifth textbook, there were following sentences:
"Japanese alone travel to the American continent..."
"with no one to guide us"
* Reading this alone, it sounds like a brave and good story to inspire patriotism. However, in fact, Captain John Mercer Brooke, the captain of the 95-ton U.S. Navy survey ship Fenimore Cooper, and ten other U.S. Navy sailors were asked to accompany them. They were able to survive huge storms in which most Japanese were unable to work due to seasickness. Kaishu Katsu was almost bedridden during the voyage. (Brooke's "Diary of the Kanrin Maru" and Tomezo Saito's "Ako Shinsho," both in Volumes 4 and 5 of "the Historical Records of the Japanese Delegation to the U.S. in 1860")
Regarding this matter, Yukichi Fukuzawa said in "Fukuo Jiden," "We made up our minds to travel without the slightest help from others" and "We never asked for any help from the Americans."
Also, Kaishu Katu said in "Hikawa Seiwa," "This was the first time Japanese had ever come here alone on a warship, and the American gentlemen were very complimentary..."
Those statements are also an exaggeration and are the reasons why the Japanese were misled. There's a trick to this sentence: it's the "American gentlemen" who said, "This was the first time ... ever come here alone...," and he can get away with saying that he didn't say that.
３、初の航海は 第三期教科書で 「軍艦を外国へやるのは始めて」
・・・＊この記述は正しい。
勝海舟も「軍艦として初の太平洋横断」と書いている。勝海舟は下記の史実を承知しているから「軍艦として」を付けたのだろう。しかし、いつの間にか「軍艦として」がはずされ、「日本人初の太平洋横断の勝海舟・咸臨丸」というキャッチフレーズに変化して独り歩きしている。
・俗にいう「日本人初の太平洋横断=咸臨丸」は間違い。
歴史で見れば、
万延元年遣米使節（1860）よりも約２５０年前の慶長15年（1610）に徳川家康がウィリアム・アダムス（三浦案針・イギリス人）に建造させた帆船で田中勝介が太平洋を横断してメキシコへ渡り、翌慶長16年（1611）に帰国している。
この3年後（1613）に
伊達政宗がサン・ファン・バウティスタ号で派遣したのが、支倉常長。やはり太平洋を横断してメキシコへ渡り―スペインから―イタリア―ローマ法王に面謁して、ふたたび太平洋を渡って、７年後に帰国している。
3. Was it the first time for Japanese to cross the Pacific Ocean?
In the third textbook, there was a following sentence: "It was the first time to send a warship abroad."
* This statement is correct.
Kaishu Katsu wrote himself that it was "the first crossing of the
Pacific Ocean by a Japanese warship." Kaishu probably added "warship" because he was aware of
the historical facts described below. However, before he knew it, the phrase
"warship" was removed insidiously, and the phrase "Kaishu
Katsu aboard the Kanrin Maru, the first Japanese to cross the Pacific Ocean"
became the sole catchphrase.
The catchphrase commonly refered to "the first Japanese crossing of the Pacific Ocean on board the Kanrin Maru" is wrong.
History shows that the Japanese crossed the Pacific Ocean in 1610, about 250 years before the 1860 mission to the United States. Shosuke Tanaka crossed the Pacific Ocean to Mexico in a sailing ship built by William Adams (Anjin Miura) for Ieyasu Tokugawa, and returned to Japan in 1611.
Three years later, Masamune Date dispatched Tsunenaga Hasekura aboard the San Juan Bautista, who also crossed the Pacific Ocean to Mexico, went to Spain and Italy by crossing the Atlantic Ocean, had an audience with the Pope, crossed the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans again, and returned to Japan seven years later.
４、航海中は 第三期教科書で 「安芳等は少しも恐れず、元気よく航海を続け」
・・・＊水夫斉藤留蔵の日記『亜行新書』に
「日本人はほとんど船酔いで動けず、動けたのは二、三人。あとはみなアメリカ人の力で嵐の中を乗り切った」
とある。二、三人とは小野友五郎・ジョン万次郎など。
ブルックの『咸臨丸日記』はもっと具体的に、外洋に初めて乗り出した日本人乗組員たちに統率がなく、当直制をとらず、気がついたものが仕事を少しする程度で、全くアメリカ人に頼りきっている状況を書いている。
4. How were the Japanese during the voyage?
In the third textbook, there was a following sentence: "Yasuyoshi (Kaishu Katsu) and the others continue their voyage in good spirits,
without the slightest fear."
In the diary of sailor Tomezo Saito, "Ako Shinsho," he wrote, "Most of the Japanese were too seasick to work, and only two or three were able to work. The rest had to ride out the storm with the help of the Americans." The two or three who were able to work were Tomogoro Ono and John Manjiro. John Mercer Brooke's "Diary of the Kanrin Maru" describes more concretely the situation where the Japanese crew, who embarked on the ocean for the first time, did not have control, did not have a duty system, and were completely dependent on the Americans, with only those who found themselves on duty doing a little work.
５、船酔いで寝たきりの勝海舟は
第三期教科書で 「安芳等は…元気よく航海…」
第五期教科書でも 「（出航の時）…しばらくの間は、悲壮な気持で甲板に立ち続けました」
「絶えずはげまし続ける安芳のことばに…」
・・・＊航海中、勝海舟はじつは「元気よく航海」「立ち続け」「絶えずはげまし続ける」どころか、船酔いのため航海中はほとんど船室にこもって寝たきりで、サンフランシスコに着くまでに甲板まで上がってきたのは3回くらい。まったく艦長（じつは教授方取扱が正式な役名）の役を果たしていない。
ブルックの日記には
「艦長は下痢を起こし、提督は船に酔っている。」
「艦長はまだ寝台に寝たきり、提督も同様」
「艦長は快方に向かっている。今日スープとブドー酒を贈った。私がキャビンの扉を開けたとき、彼は寝床の上に座っていて、非常に感謝しているようであった。大変静かな人で、私は彼の声を聞いたことがない」
「今日、麟太郎艦長が出てきたが、まだ弱々しくデッキには立てない」（ブルック「咸臨丸日記」・ 『遣米使節史料集成』第五巻）
＊この日記が公開されて半世紀以上経過したので、いまテレビや映画で勝海舟が咸臨丸で活躍する画面は描けなくなった。「アメリカへ行ってきた」と自慢して語る場面だけで済ませている。
5. Kaishu Katsu was bedridden from seasickness during the voyage.
In the third textbook, there was a following sentence: "Yasuhoshi and the others were not the least bit afraid and continued on
their voyage in good spirit."
In the fifth textbook, there were following sentences: "For a while after sailing, he stood on the deck with a gloomy feeling." "In response to Yasuhoshi's words of constant encouragement..."
* During the voyage, instead of "sailing in good spirit," "continuing to stand on the deck," and "constantly encouraging others," Kaishu Katsu was seasick and slept in his cabin for most of the voyage. By the time the ship reached San Francisco, he had made it up to the deck only three times. He did not play the role of the captain (actually, his official title was "the person in charge of teaching") at all.
In his diary, Brooke wrote, "The captain has diarrhea and the admiral is seasick," "The captain is still bedridden, as is the admiral," "The captain is on the mend. I sent him some soup and wine today. When I opened the cabin door, he was sitting on his bunk and seemed to be very grateful. He is a very quiet man and I have never heard him speak," "Captain Rintaro came out today, but he is still too weak to stand up on the deck." (Brooke's "Diary of the Kanrin Maru" in "the Historical Records of the Japanese Delegation to the U.S. in 1860," Vol. 5)
Since more than half a century has passed since Brooke's diary was published, it is no longer possible to show Kaishu Katsu's activities on the Kanrin Maru on TV or movies. They only show him bragging that he has been to the U.S.
木村喜毅も
「勝さんは船室にこもりきりで、太平洋の真ん中で、『バッテイラ（ボート）を下ろしてくれ、俺は江戸へ帰る！』といった…」 と「海舟座談」で語っている。
サクラメント デイリーユニオン新聞（１８６０年３月２１日付）も
「・・・咸臨丸は、3 年ほど前に日本の皇帝のためにオランダで 70,000 ドルで建造された。オランダ製の 250 トンで、重武装で、旋回砲
4 門、榴弾砲 1 門、迫撃砲 1 門、32 ポンド砲 6 門、18 ポンド砲 4 門 を搭載している。将校は提督（上記の長い名前）、(3)船長・勝麟太郎（航海中ほとんど病気）、船長補佐・万次郎、 中尉・佐々倉桐太郎、浜口興門、吉岡勇平、鈴藤勇次郎、小野友五郎、松岡磐吉； 機関長・肥田浜五郎、二等機関長・山本金次郎。4
人の見習い将校、3 人の外科医、70 人の兵士。9 日分の石炭しか積んでおらず、推進器は島からの出航にしか使わなかった。航海中は悪天候に見舞
われたが、見事に乗り切り、帆を張ったまま 1 日で 200 マイルを航行した。到着後、提督はこの船 の仕事を手伝ってくれたフェニモア・クーパーの船員一人ひとりに、多額の金銭を贈った・・・」（Sacramento
Daily Union, 21 March 1860：田村芳昭氏訳）
◆その勝海舟が晩年（帰国後）に木村喜毅について、次のように語るのはハッタリ以上の、人格を疑いたくなる会話であろう。
「木村（摂津守）が奉行の時、『航海のけいこが、そう短くて、直（すぐ）に帰ってくるようでは、宜しくない。もっと遠くまで行ったらどうだ』というから、『そうですか、それではそう致しましょう』と言って、木村を乗せて『今日は遠くまで行くのだ』と言ってひどい目に合わせてやった。風が立って、波が荒いものだから、木村が、『ここは何処だ。もう帰っては』と言うたら、『どうしてどうして、ここはまだ天草から五，六里です。これからズット向うまで行くのです。』と言うたら『モウヨイ、モウヨイ』と言って大層へどついた（吐いた）よ。」（『勝海舟全集』１１・海舟座談明治３０年７月３０日)。
咸臨丸に乗る以前の会話ならまだしも、木村のおかげで乗れた咸臨丸航海で醜態をさらした後、晩年になってもこう自慢そうに回顧する勝海舟の心根はいかがなものか。「咸臨丸の英雄・海軍の父」勝海舟は、ブルックの「咸臨丸日記」が公刊（100年後の昭和36年）されてみると、咸臨丸航海で醜態をさらしたあげく、こういうむなしい会話をする人物だった、とわかる。
Yoshitake Kimura also said, "In the middle of the Pacific Ocean, Katsu said, 'Unload a boat, and I'll go back to Edo!'" in "Kaishu Zadan."
Sacramento Daily Union, （21 March 1860）
The Candinmarruh was built in Holland for the Japanese Emperor, some
three years since, at a cost of $70,000. She is of 250 tons Dutch measurement,
and is heavily armed, carrying four swivels, one howitzer, one mortar, six
thirty-two pounders, and four eighteen pounders. Her officers are the
Admiral (of the long name above), Captain Katsintarroh (who has been sick
much of the voyage), Assistant Captain Mangero, Lieutenant
Sakarahlatasah, Okeomo, Yuha, Useereo, Tomoagoro, Uaketche; Chief
Engineer, Hamagero; Second Engineer, Kengero; four midshipmen, three
surgeons, and seventy men. Carrying but nine days supply of coal, she used
her propeller only to work off from the island. She experienced hard weather
on her voyage, but braved it finely — one day, under sail, making 200 miles.
On arriving, the Admiral made a handsome present in money to each of the
sailors of the Fennimore Cooper, who had helped to work the ship.
◆ Such Kaishu Katsu wrote the following about Yoshitake Kimura, which is more than a bluff and makes one doubt the character of Kaishu.
"When (Settsunokami Yoshitake) Kimura was a magistrate, he said, 'It would
not be good enough if our voyage practice is so short and come back immediately.
Why don't we go farther?' So I said, 'Well, I'll do that and today we're
going far away,' and picked up Kimura and gave him a bad time. The wind
was blowing and the waves were rough, so Kimura said, 'Where are we? Shouldn't
we go back now?' I said, 'We are still five or six miles from Amakusa,
and we must go all the way to the other side.' Then, he said, 'That's enough,
that's enough,' and threw up." ("The Complete Works of Kaishu Katsu," Vol. 11, Kaishu
Zadan, July 30, 1897).
Although it would have been fine if these words had taken place before he boarded the Kanrin Maru, it is doubtful that Kaishu Katsu, even in his later years, would be so proud to recount his disgraceful experience on the Kanrin Maru, which he was able to board thanks to Kimura. When Brooke's “Kanrin Maru Journal” was published (100 years later in 1961), it became clear that Kaishu Katsu, the "hero of the Kanrin Maru and the father of the Japanese navy," was a person who had such a vain conversation after exposing his disgraceful behavior on the Kanrin Maru voyage.
６、サンフランシスコで
第三期教科書で 「アメリカ人達は小さい軍艦で太平洋を越えてきたとたいそう感心」
したのに
第五期教科書では 「アメリカ人は日本をあなどることはできない、という感じを強くした。」
この違いは何か、
・・・*アメリカ人たちが日本人の渡航を喜んで咸臨丸やポウハタン号の遣米使節団を歓迎したことは、当時のアメリカの新聞で明らかである。しかし、昭和十六年の第五期国定教科書で「あなどることはできない」などとする感情は根拠のない憶測を記述しているとしか思えない。「アメリカが開国に導いた日本人が、はるばるやってきた」という「けなげな弟を迎えるような」純粋な歓迎の気持ちこそあれ、「あなどる」(逆にいえば、あなどらない)などという〈日本を対等にみる〉意識を、当時「半文明国」と見ている日本に対して抱いたとはとても考えられない。この記述は、昭和16年当時の日本が国際的に孤立化しアメリカを敵対国と見ている国情が反映されて、愛国心をあおり、国民の団結を求めるために、国粋意識を高め、国威発揚を強く意識した、独りよがりの文章になったとみられる。
ちなみに、サンフランシスコに着いた咸臨丸はサンフランシスコ湾の北のメーア島にある米海軍造船所（現在は撤退）に滞在して、嵐で傷んだ船体をすっかり修理してもらい、アメリカ側はその費用をまったく受け取らなかった。
6. How were they reputed in San Francisco?
In the third textbook, there was a following sentence: "Americans were very impressed that a small warship was able to cross the
Pacific Ocean."
In the fifth textbook, however, there was a following sentence: "Americans felt strongly that Japan could not be underestimated."
What was the difference beween the two sentences?
It is clear from the American newspapers of the time that the Americans were happy to see the Japanese and welcomed the Kanrin Maru and the Powhatan mission to the United States. However, the sentiment expressed in the fifth national textbook of 1941, "We cannot underestimate them," can only be regarded as baseless speculation. The Americans may have felt a genuine sense of welcome, as if welcoming a benevolent younger brother who had come all the way from Japan, but it is hard to imagine that they harbored a sense of "equality" with Japan, which they regarded as a "semi-civilized" country at the time, by saying that they would "underestimate" (or, conversely, not underestimate) Japan. This statement reflects the national situation in 1941, when Japan was isolated internationally and viewed the U.S. as a hostile nation. It seems to have been written in a self-indulgent manner, with a strong sense of nationalism and national prestige, in order to stir up patriotism and seek national unity.
Incidentally, after arriving in San Francisco, the Kanrin Maru stayed at the U.S. Navy shipyard (now retired) on Mare Island, north of San Francisco Bay, and had its storm-damaged hull completely repaired, for which the U.S. side received no payment.
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